Minimally invasive surgery, also known as "keyhole" surgery is performed using an endoscope, which is inserted through small incisions (half-inch). The endoscope is connected to a tiny video camera which projects an "inside" view of the patient's body onto television screens in the operating room.

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Pain in the lower back (lumbar spine) and legs, among other symptoms, may occur when an intervertebral disc herniates - when the annulus fibrosus (tough, outer ring) of the disc tears and the nucleus pulposus (soft, jelly-like center) squeezes out, and places pressure on, or "pinches," an adjacent nerve root.

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